Elementary Statistics has been written for the introductory statistics course and students majoring in any field. Although the use of algebra is minimal, students should have completed at least an elementary algebra course. In many cases, underlying theory is included, but this book does not stress the mathematical rigor more suitable for mathematics majors. Because the many examples and exercises cover a wide variety of different and interesting statistical applications, Elementary Statistics is appropriate for students pursuing careers drawing from a wide variety of disciplines ranging from the social sciences of psychology and sociology to areas such as education, the allied health fields, business, economics, engineering, the humanities, the physical sciences, journalism, communications, and liberal arts.

Mario F. Triola is a Professor of Mathematics at Dutchess Community College, where he has taught statistics for over 30 years. Marty is the author of Mathematics and the Modern World and A Survey of Mathematics, and is the coauthor of Introduction to Technical Mathematics and Business Statistics. Outside of the classroom, Marty's consulting work includes the mathematical design of casino slot machines and fishing rods, and he has worked with attorneys in determining probabilities in paternity lawsuits and identifying salary inequities based on gender. Marty was recently a writing team member of the Project Coalition writing team with NASA and the American Mathematics Association of Two-Year Colleges. When he's not working, Marty enjoys playing golf and tennis, running, hiking, and anything that flies. He has a commercial pilot's license with an instrument rating, and has flown airplanes, helicopters, sail planes, hang gliders, and hot air balloons. His passion for flying has included parachute jumps, flying in a Goodyear blimp, and parasailing. With his family, Marty had the pleasure of visiting 49 of the United States. He hopes to visit Kentucky very soon. Other favorite trips include a Kenyan photo safari, a rafting trip down the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, and hiking in Yellowstone National Park where he collected data for the Old Faithful geyser. The Text and Academic Authors Association has awarded Mario F. Triola a "Texty" for Excellence for his work on Elementary Statistics.

FEATURES

New Features In The Eighth Edition

Statistics in the News, a feature included at the end of each chapter, provides real-life illustrations and activities that relate to the use of statistics in current and newsworthy applications.

Internet Projects, also included at the end of each chapter, involve the student with applications using data found on the Internet. The projects can be found at http://www.awlonline.com/Triola.

TI-83 Plus instructions and screen displays are included throughout the book.

Excel instructions and screen displays are now included throughout the book.

Titles for Examples and Exercises are included so that instructors and students can quickly identify the topic and/or methodology involved.

Full-Color Design increases reader interest through a more functional and visually appealing presentation.

ActivStats® icons throughout the text encourage students to go to the ActivStats CD when encountering difficult concepts.

CD-ROM, packaged free with the text, contains the Data/Program software, STATDISK software, and the Excel Add-In.

Section 1-5 (Statistics with Calculators and Computers) from the 7th edition has been deleted, because references to calculators and computers are now included throughout this 8th edition. The Cumulative Review Exercises for Chapter 1 still include calculator "warm-up" exercises.

The 7th edition section on the Multiplication Rule is now divided into two separate sections: Section 3-4 and Section 3-5. This provides greater flexibility for instructors who prefer to include less probability, and it also helps students by allowing them to focus on the basics of the multiplication rule before studying the more difficult applications of that rule.

Section 5-7 (Determining Normality) is a new section that describes methods for determining whether a set of sample data appears to come from a population having a normal distribution.

The 7th edition section on "Estimating a Population Mean: Large Samples" has been reorganized so that the subsection of "Determining Sample Size" is now a separate section (Section 6-4). The new organization makes it easier to cover confidence interval estimates for means before considering the separate issue of determining sample size.

The sections of Chapter 8 (Inferences from Two Samples) have been rearranged to better fit the preferences of instructors who would like to include some, but not all, sections of this chapter.

Section 9-6 (Modeling) is a new section that uses some of the correlation/regression tools in developing a mathematical function that describes real-world data. It includes nonlinear functions, such as quadratic, exponential, and power functions.

Throughout the book there is even greater emphasis on describing, exploring, and comparing data. For examples, see Section 2-3 or 8-2, or the Chapter Problem for Chapter 11.

Throughout the book there is even greater emphasis on interpreting results. Instead of simply obtaining an answer, the consequences of the answer are considered. Students are encouraged to think about the implications of results instead of cranking out cookbook results that make no real sense.

There are 1500 exercises—more than 60 percent of them new! Many more of the exercises require interpretation of results. Because exercises are of such critical importance to any statistics book, great care has been taken to ensure their usefulness, relevance, and accuracy.

Exercises are arranged in order of increasing difficulty by dividing them into two groups: (1) Basic Skills and Concepts and (2) Beyond the Basics. The Beyond the Basics exercises address more difficult concepts or require a somewhat stronger mathematical background. In some cases, these exercises also introduce a new concept.

Real data: More than half of the exercises use real data. Because the use of real data is such an important consideration for students, hundreds of hours have been devoted to finding real, meaningful, and interesting data. In addition to the real data included throughout the book, many exercises refer to the 20 data sets listed in Appendix B.

Chapter-opening features: A list of chapter sections previews the chapter for the student; a chapter-opening problem, using real data, then motivates the chapter material; and the first section is a chapter overview that provides a statement of the chapter's objectives.

End-of-chapter features:
A Vocabulary List of important terms (a full glossary is found in Appendix D);
A Chapter Review summarizes the key concepts and topics of the chapter;
Review Exercises for practice on the chapter concepts and procedures;
Cumulative Review Exercises reinforce earlier material;
From Data to Decision: Critical Thinking, a capstone problem requiring critical thinking and a writing component;
Cooperative Group Activities to encourage active learning in groups;
Technology Projects specifically designed to incorporate an application using technology;
Statistics in the News encourages analysis of timely applications of statistics.

Margin Essays: The text includes 106 margin essays, which illustrate uses and abuses of statistics in real, practical, and interesting applications. Topics include "Six Degrees of Separation," "Statistics and Land Mines," "Using Statistics to Identify Thieves," and "Choosing Personal Security Codes."

STATDISK instructions and output appear throughout the book.

Flowcharts: These appear throughout the text to simplify and clarify more complex concepts and procedures.

Real Data Sets: Real data is used extensively throughout the entire book. Appendix B lists 20 data sets, 10 of which are new. These data sets are provided in printed form in Appendix B at the back of the book, and in electronic form on the CD packaged with the book.

Interviews: Every chapter of the text now includes author-conducted interviews with professional men and women in a variety of fields who use statistics in their day-to-day work.

Appendices: Appendix A contains tables; Appendix B lists 20 data sets; Appendix C is a summary of important TI-83 Plus procedures; Appendix D is a glossary of important terms; Appendix E is a bibliography of recommended text and reference books; Appendix F contains answers to all the odd-numbered section exercises, as well as all answers to Review Exercises and Cumulative Review Exercises.

Quick-Reference Endpapers: A symbol table is included on the front inside cover for quick and easy reference to key symbols. Tables A-2 and A-3 (the normal and t distributions) are reproduced on the back inside cover pages.

Detachable Formula/Table Card: This insert, organized by chapter, gives students a quick reference for studying, or for use when taking tests (if allowed by the instructor). The formula/table card is now available on the book Web site.

Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition, can be easily used without reference to any specific technology. Many instructors have successfully used past editions of this book with students using only scientific calculators. However, for those who choose to supplement the course with specific technology, the following tools are available:

STATDISK: An easy-to-use statistical software package developed specifically for use with Elementary Statistics, free to college-level adopters of the book. The new Version 8.0 of STATDISK is available for Windows and Macintosh systems. In addition to this free software, there are references to STATDISK throughout the book, and there is a separate STATDISK manual/workbook designed specifically as a supplement to this book.

Minitab: There are references to Minitab (Release 12) throughout this book, and there is a separate Minitab manual/workbook designed specifically as a supplement.

Excel: References to Excel are included throughout this book, and there is a separate Excel manual/workbook designed specifically as a supplement to this text.

Excel Add-In: This is a free software supplement that enhances the statistics capabilities of the Excel program.

TI-83 Plus: References to the TI-83 Plus calculator appear throughout, and there is a separate manual/workbook designed specifically as a supplement to this book, as well as a free data application for the TI-83 Plus.

SPSS: There is a separate SPSS manual/workbook designed specifically as a supplement to this book.

Data CD: The Appendix B data sets included in formats for Minitab, Excel, and the TI-83 Plus calculator are included on the CD and packaged with the book.

The following supplements can be ordered through a campus bookstore, or by calling our customer service group directly at 1-800-282-0693.

New Videos, designed to supplement most sections in the book, with many topics presented by the author. This is an excellent resource for students who have missed class or wish to review a topic. It is also an excellent resource for those instructors involved with distance learning, individual study, or self-paced learning programs. ISBN: 0-201-70470-6.

Data/Program Software, prepared by Mario F. Triola, includes the data sets (except for Data Set 6) from Appendix B in the textbook. These data sets are stored as text files, Minitab worksheets, TI Data application for the TI-83 Plus,and Excel workbooks and are included on the CD located in the back of the book. The CD also includes programs for the TI-83® graphing calculator.

MathXL: The student text bundled with a 12-month registration coupon is 0-201-75984-5. With MathXL, students can take diagnostic chapter tests correlated to the book, receive individualized study plans based on those test results, and take further tests to gauge their progress. Instructors can customize tests or create their own, using TestGen-EQ testing software. All student test results are tracked in an online gradebook. For more information, students should contact their instructor.

STATDISK Statistical Software, specifically for the Triola text, is a statistical software package (for both Windows and Macintosh) licensed free to adopters of Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. This software is included on the CD in the back of the book.

The Student Edition of Minitab is a reduced version of Minitab professional software (which allows the user access to 3500 data points and to a full range of Minitab functionalities and graphics capabilities), and an accompanying manual (which includes case studies and hands-on tutorials). A special Student Version (Windows only) of Minitab now includes data sets from Triola Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Currently available Student Editions are: Student Edition of Minitab, Release 12 for Windows 95/98 NT, ISBN: 0-201-39715-3 Student Edition of Minitab, Release 8 for DOS, ISBN: 0-201-83590-8 Student Edition of Minitab, Release 8 for the Macintosh, ISBN: 0-201-83591-6

New Excel Add-In: Free software designed to enhance the capabilities of Excel's statistics programs. Available on the CD bound in the back of the book.

New CD-ROM: A free CD-ROM, packaged with every copy of the text, contains the Data/Program software, STATDISK software, and the Excel Add-In.

Student Solutions Manual, Eighth edition , by Milton Loyer, provides detailed, worked-out solutions to all odd-numbered exercises. ISBN: 0-201-70465-X.

STATDISK Student Laboratory Manual and Workbook, Eighth Edition, written by Mario F. Triola, includes experiments to be conducted by students using STATDISK software, either in the computer lab, or for out-of-class assignments. ISBN: 0-201-70466-8.

Excel® Student Laboratory Manual and Workbook, includes instructions on and examples of Excel in use. The manual includes many examples and problems from the book as well as other appropriate exercises, and encourages further exploration of statistical concepts. ISBN: 0-201-70459-5.

Minitab® Student Laboratory Manual and Workbook, Eighth Edition, written by Mario F. Triola, includes instructions on and examples of Minitab use. It also supplies many computer experiments to be conducted, and allows further exploration of statistical concepts. ISBN: 0-201-70461-7.

New SPSS® Student Laboratory Manual and Workbook, includes instructions on and examples of SPSS use to guide students as they learn this software package. It also includes appropriate exercises from the text. ISBN: 0-201-70464-1.

TI-83 Plus® Companion to Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition, by Larry Morgan (Montgomery County Community College) is organized to follow the sequence of topics in the text, and is an easy-to-follow, step-by-step guide on how to use the TI-83 Plus® graphing calculator. It provides worked-out examples to help students fully understand and use the graphing calculator. This supplement is also suitable for use with a TI-83 calculator. ISBN: 0-201-70469-2.

Triola Version of ActivStats®, developed by Paul Velleman and Data Description, Inc., provides complete coverage of introductory statistics topics on CD-ROM, using a full range of multimedia. ActivStats integrates video, simulation, animation, narration, text, interactive experiments, World Wide Web access, and Data Desk®, a statistical software package. Homework problems and data sets from the text are included on the CD-ROM. Windows and Macintosh ISBN: 0-201-70227-4.

Addison Wesley Longman Math Tutor Center, is staffed by qualified statistics and mathematics instructors who provide you with tutoring on text examples, problems, and odd-numbered exercises. Tutoring assistance is provided by telephone, fax, and e-mail and is available five days a week, seven hours a day. If you did not receive a registration card with your textbook, you may purchase a subscription to the MTC by having your bookstore order ISBN 0-201-44461-5 or by calling AWL Customer Service directly at 1-800-822-6339.
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction to Statistics
	1-1 Overview
	1-2 The Nature of Data
	1-3 Uses and Abuses of Statistics
	1-4 Design of Experiments
2 Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data
	2-1 Overview
	2-2 Summarizing Data with Frequency Tables
	2-3 Pictures of Data
	2-4 Measures of Center
	2-5 Measures of Variation
	2-6 Measures of Position
	2-7 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
3 Probability
	3-1 Overview
	3-2 Fundamentals
	3-3 Addition Rule
	3-4 Multiplication Rule: Basics
	3-5 Multiplication Rule: Complements and Conditional Probability
	3-6 Probabilities Through Simulations
	3-7 Counting
4 Probability Distributions
	4-1 Overview
	4-2 Random Variables
	4-3 Binomial Probability Distributions
	4-4 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation for the Binomial Distribution
	4-5 The Poisson Distribution
5 Normal Probability Distributions
	5-1 Overview
	5-2 The Standard Normal Distribution
	5-3 Nonstandard Normal Distributions: Finding Probabilities
	5-4 Nonstandard Normal Distributions: Finding Values
	5-5 The Central Limit Theorem
	5-6 Normal Distribution as Approximation to Binomial Distribution
	5-7 Determining Normality
6 Estimates and Sample Sizes
	6-1 Overview
	6-2 Estimating a Population Mean: Large Samples
	6-3 Estimating a Population Mean: Small Samples
	6-4 Determining Sample Size
	6-5 Estimating a Population Proportion
	6-6 Estimating a Population Variance
7 Hypothesis Testing
	7-1 Overview
	7-2 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing
	7-3 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Large Samples
	7-4 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Small Samples
	7-5 Testing a Claim about a Proportion
	7-6 Testing a Claim about a Standard Deviation or Variance
8 Inferences from Two Samples
	8-1 Overview
	8-2 Inferences about Two Means: Independent and Large Samples
	8-3 Inferences about Two Means: Matched Pairs
	8-4 Inferences about Two Proportions
	8-5 Comparing Variation in Two Samples
	8-6 Inferences about Two Means: Independent and Small Samples
9 Correlation and Regression
	9-1 Overview
	9-2 Correlation
	9-3 Regression
	9-4 Variation and Prediction Intervals
	9-5 Multiple Regression
	9-6 Modeling
10 Multinomial Experiments and Contingency Tables
	10-1 Overview
	10-2 Multinomial Experiments: Goodness-0f-Fit
	10-3 Contingency Tables: Independence and Homogeneity
11 Analysis of Variance
	11-1 Overview
	11-2 One-Way ANOVA
	11-3 Two-Way ANOVA
12 Statistical Process Control
	12-1 Overview
	12-2 Control Charts for Variation and Mean
	12-3 Control Charts for Attributes
13 Nonparametric Statistics
	13-1 Overview
	13-2 Sign Test
	13-3 Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs
	13-4 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent Samples
	13-5 Kruskal-Wallis Test
	13-6 Rank Correlation
	13-7 Runs Test for Randomness
14 Projects, Procedures, Perspectives
	14-1 A Statistics Group Project
	14-2 Which Procedure Applies?
	14-3 A Perspective
Appendices
	Appendix A: Tables
	Appendix B: Data Sets
	Appendix C: TI-83 Plus Reference
	Appendix D: Glossary
	Appendix E: Bibliography
	Appendix F: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises (and All Review Exercises and All Cumulative Review Exercises)

© 2000 by Addison Wesley Longman A division of Pearson Education