Glossary of Terms

Taika reforms   [tI kä] Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. (p. 450)

Taiping rebellion   Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. (p. 800)

Taiwan   Island off Chinese mainland; became refuge for Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of United States; rapidly industrialized after 1950s. (p. 917)

Taj Mahal   Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal. (p. 632)

Tale of Genji   Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society. (p. 452)

Tanzimat reforms   Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Westernstyle university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876. (p. 786)

tambos   Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages. (p. 415)

Tang   Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 c.e.; more stable than previous dynasty. (p. 254)

Tangut   Rulers of Xi-Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226. (p. 482)

Tatars   Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact. (p. 368)

Tatu   Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty; present-day Beijing. (p. 490)

Tayson Rebellion   Peasant revolution in southern Victnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam. (p. 787)

technocrat   New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II. (p. 875)

Teheran Conference   Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France. (p. 858)

Temple of the Sun   Inca religious center locates at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas. (p. 414)

Tenochtitlan   [tAY nôch tEE tlän] Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica. (pp. 204, 402)

Teotihuacan   [tAY O tEE wä kän] Site of Classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000. (p. 858)

terakoya   Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males. (p. 818)

Thatcher, Margaret   Conservative British prime minister from 1979 to 1991; held that office longer than any other person; worked to cut welfare and housing expenses, promote free enterprise. (p. 876)

third Rome   Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453. (p. 566)

third world   Nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized Communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies. (p. 933)

Thirty Years' War   War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. (p. 526)

three estates   Typical social organization of Middle Ages after 10th century; included military nobility, clergy, and ordinary people. (p. 381)

three-field system   System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow. (p. 376)

Tian   Heaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religion; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty. (p. 69)

Tiberius Gracchus   Along with Gaius Gracchus, tribune who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform within the Roman republic; killed on the command of the Senate. (p. 156)

Tihuanaco   [tEE uh wuh nä kO] Along with Huari, large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 c.e.; located in southern Peru; featured large ceremonial center supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; established widely diffused religious and artistic symbols spread all over Andean zone. (p. 219)

Tilak, B. G.   Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first Populist leader in India. (p. 965)

Timbuktu   Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university. (p. 339)

Time of Troubles   Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. (p. 568)

Timur-i Lang   Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405. (p. 496)

Tlacaelel   [tlä ka elAYl] Advisor to Aztec rulers from 1427 to c. 1480; had histories of Mexico rewritten; expanded cult of human sacrifice as effective means of political terror. (p. 402)

Tlaloc   [tlä lOk] Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain. (p. 403)

Tlatelolco   [tlä te lolko] Originally a separate island city in Lake Texcoco; later incorporated into Tenochtitlan; market remained most important in combined city. (p. 402)

Tojo Hideki   Japanese general; put down attempted military coup in 1936; increasingly interfered with civilian cabinets to block appointment of liberal bureaucrats; helped create increasingly militaristic series of prime ministers after 1936. (p. 915)

Toltec culture   Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; Nahuatlspeaking people; established political control over large territory after 1000 c.e.; declined after 1200 c.e. (p. 400)

Toltecs   Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of the sedentary agricultural area in Mesoamerica; established capital of Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic including cult of human sacrifice. (p. 210)

Topiltzin   Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula. (p. 400)

totem   Most commonly an animal utilized by nomadic tribesmen as a representation of mythic ancestor of the group; venerated as a progenitor and protector. (p. 89)

total war   Warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity. (p. 856)

totalitarian state   A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. (p. 870)

Trajan   Emperor from 101 to 106 c.e.; instituted more aggressive imperial foreign policy resulting in expansion of empire to its greatest limits. (p. 161)

Tragic Week   Occurred in Argentina in 1919; government response to general strike of labor forces led to brutal repression under guise of nationalism. (p. 939)

trans-Siberian railroad   Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. (p. 813)

transformisimo   Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo. (p. 712)

transhumant   A form of pastoralism common to the Mediterranean basin and the Sahara; involves moving from one region to another according to the season. (p. 229)

transmigration   The belief in the successive reincarnation of the soul in different bodies. (p. 142)

Treaty of Gijanti   Signed in 1757; reduced remaining Javanese princes to vassals of Dutch East India Company; allowed Dutch to monopolize production of coffee on Java. (p. 671)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo   Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America. (p. 767)

Treaty of Paris   Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years' War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean. (p. 555)

Treaty of Tordesillas   [torduh sEEl yäs, -sEE-] Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain. (p. 596)

Treaty of Versailles   [ver sI, vuhr-] Ended World War I (1919); provided for the League of Nations; also punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of reparations as a result of their "war guilt"; Russia also lost territories with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations such as Poland. (p. 845)

Treaty of Westphalia   Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion–either Protestant or Catholic. (p. 526)

triangular trade   Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe. (p. 644)

tribunes   Plebeian representatives in the Roman republic; elected in the Councilium Plebis Tributum on an annual basis. (p. 153)

Tripartite Pact   Alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940; created alliance system for World War II. (p. 852)

Triple Alliance   Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. (p. 722)

Triple Entente   Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. (p. 722)

Truman, Harry   American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war. (p. 856)

Trung sisters   Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society. (p. 468)

tsetse fly   [tset sEE, tet-, tsEE tsEE] Flourished in wet lowlands; carried sleeping sickness that severely limited pastoralism in western and central Africa. (p. 229)

tumens   Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10. (p.481)

Tutu, Osei   [tU tU] Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire; utilized Western firearms. (p. 647)

Twantinsuyu   [twän tin sUyU] Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina. (p. 411)

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