Glossary of Terms

East African trading ports   Urbanized commercial centers sharing common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar. (p. 342)

eastern bloc   Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war–particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany. (p. 859)

eastern front   Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia. (p. 841)

edict of Nantes   Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions. (p.526)

Edo   Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate. (p. 685)

effendi   Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence. (p. 957)

Einstein, Albert   Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity. (p. 715)

El Mina   Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa. (p. 638)

emancipation of the serfs   Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land. (p. 811)

encomendero   [AYn kO mAYn dAU rO] Holder of an encomienda; able to use Indians as workers or to tax them. (p. 590)

encomienda   Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. (p. 583)

English Civil War   Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. (p. 527)

Enlightenment   Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. (p. 536)

Epic of Gilgamesh   The first literary epic in Western civilization; written down c. 2000 b.c.e.; included story of Great Flood. (p. 33)

Ethiopian kingdom   A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa. (p. 335)

Etruscans   Culture that ruled Rome prior to republic; ruled through powerful kings and well-organized armies; expelled by Romans c. 510 b.c.e. (p. 152)

eunuchs   Castrated males used within the households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard the emperors' concubines; became political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during Later Han. (p. 293)

European Economic Community   The Common Market; an alliance of six European nations (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) set up to begin creation of a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, and Finland; during the early 1990s, the Community changed its name to the European Union and planned further economic integration. (p. 876)

European-Style family   Originated in the 15th century among the peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis in the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married. (p. 525)

extended families   Consisted of several generations, including the family patriarch's sons and grandsons with their wives and children; typical of Shang China elites. (p. 63)

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