| 1 |
The author of the Prince, __________, emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power.
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| 2 |
Renaissance culture stressed themes of __________horizontala focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.
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| 3 |
The __________ focused in France, the Low Countries, Germany and England, opened up after 1450.
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| 4 |
Printing was introduced in the 15th century, as the German __________ invented movable type.
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| 5 |
In 1517 a German monk named __________ nailed a document containing 95 theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg.
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| 6 |
The general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic Church was called __________.
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| 7 |
In England Henry VIII set up an __________ church, initially to challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage.
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| 8 |
__________, a Frenchman who established a base in the Swiss city of Geneva, insisted on God's predestination as a basic religious principle.
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| 9 |
Under a __________, Church councils revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets.
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| 10 |
A new religious order, the __________, became active in politics, education and missionary work in Asia and the Americas during the 16th century.
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| 11 |
The French civil wars of religion ended with the granting of tolerance to Protestants through the __________ in 1598.
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| 12 |
In 1618 the __________ broke out, pitting German Protestants and allies such as Lutheran Sweden against the Holy Roman Emperor, backed by Spain.
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| 13 |
The __________ ended the Thirty Years War in 1648 and agreed to the concept of territorial tolerance.
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| 14 |
Growing commercialization created the beginnings of a new __________ in the Westhorizontalpeople without access to wealth-producing property.
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| 15 |
The __________ persecution of the 16th century reflected new resentments against the poor and new uncertainties about religious truth.
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| 16 |
The period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations culminating in the 17th century was called the __________ revolution.
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| 17 |
A Polish monk, __________, used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the belief that the earth was the center of the universe.
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| 18 |
The Italian __________ publicized Copernicus' discoveries while adding his own basic findings about the laws of gravity and planetary motion.
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| 19 |
The English physician __________ demonstrated the circular movement of the blood in animals with the heart as the central pump.
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| 20 |
__________ established the importance of a skeptical review of all received wisdom, arguing that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.
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| 21 |
__________ published his Principia Mathematica in 1687 and drew together various theories into a neat framework of natural laws.
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| 22 |
Some intellectuals held out a new conception of God called __________ arguing that while there might be a divinity its role was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate them.
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| 23 |
The reigning economic theory, called __________, held that governments should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations.
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| 24 |
The English civil wars produced a final political settlement in 1688 (the so-called __________) in which parliament won basic sovereignty over the king.
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| 25 |
In Prussia, __________, building on the military and bureaucratic organization of his predecessors, introduced greater freedom of religion while expanding the economic functions of the state.
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| 26 |
French monarchy failed to implement needed changes in the __________ in the eighteenth century.
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| 27 |
The aftermath of the scientific revolution spilled over into a new movement known as the __________, centered particularly in France but with adherents throughout the Western world.
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| 28 |
The Scottish philosopher __________ set forth a number of invariable principles of economic behavior, based on the belief that people act according to their self-interest.
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| 29 |
A few feminist thinkers, like __________ in England, argued that new political rights and freedoms should extend to women.
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