| 1 |
The religion that arose from the revelations of Muhammad was __________.
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| 2 |
The recitations of revelations received by Muhammad were recorded in the __________, the Islamic holy book.
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| 3 |
Islam spread first among the __________, nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula.
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| 4 |
The __________ were tribal and clan leaders within bedouin society.
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| 5 |
The site of the Ka'ba and original home of Muhammad, __________ was located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in the Arabian peninsula.
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| 6 |
Yathrib or __________ became the refuge of Muhammad after his flight from Mecca.
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| 7 |
The tribe that dominated Mecca was the __________.
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| 8 |
The clan within the Quraysh that controlled the political and commercial life of Meccas was the __________.
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| 9 |
One of the most revered shrines in pre-Islamic Arabia, the __________ was eventually incorporated into Islam as a sacred site.
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| 10 |
The supreme god of Islam was __________.
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| 11 |
The Prophet of Islam was __________, whose revelations were recorded in the Quran.
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| 12 |
The __________ or community of the faithful in Islam transcended old tribal boundaries.
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| 13 |
The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims, the __________, were confession of the faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.
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| 14 |
Once in his lifetime, the devout Muslim must undertake __________, a pilgrimage to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.
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| 15 |
The __________ was the religious and political leader in Islam following the death of Muhammad.
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| 16 |
Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law __________ was the focus for the Shi'ites.
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| 17 |
__________ was the first Caliph after Muhammad's death.
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| 18 |
The conflicts following Muhammad's death in 632 that resulted in the defeat of rival prophets were the __________ Wars.
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| 19 |
__________ was the concept of Islamic holy war.
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| 20 |
The third Caliph, __________, was a member of the Umayyad clan who was murdered.
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| 21 |
The forces of Ali and the Umayyads confronted each other at the Battle of __________.
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| 22 |
The first Umayyad Caliph after the defeat of Ali was __________.
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| 23 |
Ali's son Husayn was defeated and killed at __________.
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| 24 |
The __________ supported the Umayyads in the dispute over control of the caliphate.
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| 25 |
The __________ continued to support descendants of Ali even after the death of Husayn.
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| 26 |
The capital of the Umayyad empire was at __________.
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| 27 |
Non-Arab converts to Islam were called __________.
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| 28 |
__________ were literally "people of the book," usually either Christians or Jews.
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| 29 |
The dynasty that followed the Umayyads was the __________ dynasty.
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| 30 |
Located in Iraq near the ancient capital of Ctesiphon, __________ was the capital of the Abbasid empire.
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| 31 |
Initially recruited from the Persian residents of Iraq, the __________ were the chief administrative officers of the Abbasid empire.
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| 32 |
The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of the Abbasid rule were the __________.
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